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Oil& Gas Journal,August 7,1989

Original as appeared in Oil & Gas Jounal can be viewed below , posted 2010-1-16

The first onshore production-sharing contract awarded by the Chinese has been concluded, demonstrating that a Chinese and western partner can work side by side and achieve major goals within budget.

The Australian operator, CSR Orient Oil Pet Ltd., completed 1,200 km of seismic and drilled six wells in their lease on northern Hainan Island. Results on northern Hainan Island resulted were not commercial for the foreign consortium ,primarily due to relatively small finds of no existing industry infrastructure, but certainly it was shown that in a country where there has been a lot of disillusionment, operations can be successfully conducted if management is adapted to the unique local conditions.

  CSR knew they were on a winning management system after the first few days of seismic production. At first, local oil industry officials claimed that the seismic production rate would be the same as previous domestic operations – until it was realized that the new operation could attain 100km/month, not per year the operator’s administration manager John Coulter, who managed three previous oil projects in China, and speaks Chinese,summarized the adaptive style as follows:

  1. All local employees were paid directly and in effect, managed by the operator. This was a sensitive issue but, based on the experience of other projects, was critical to success. Local employees only receive about $30 out of the several hundred dollars paid as monthly fees to the labor unit. Negotiations with labor supply organizations took several months resulting in a carefully designed system of cash food allowances, production bonuses, and responsibility awards which worked very well. In essence, on a monthly expenditure commitment of about $400,000, an extra $15,000 turned the normal disinterest in productivity and maintenance into an operation where foreign equipment and technicians were almost never held up by local personnel.
  2. Seismic land operations through intensive cultivation proved to be a challenge. Initially the Chinese partner intended to organize permitting of farmland and damage compensation. But the first seismic lines were in an area where even the Chinese partners were treated as foreigners, unable to speak the dialect. CSR recruited individuals to represent their operations who were able to talk directly to farmers, and thus quickly resolve impasses. A complicated but cheap system of compensation and equipment protection was evolved Antagonism on previous domestic seismic operations had been so bad that cables had to be gathered each night and laid out next day (5 hr of each work day). The main problems had been poor communications between city oil industry bureaucrats and the farmers, and misappropriation of compensation payments.
  3. Within a month of setting up office in China, the operator had indentified a organizations and key personnel with capacity to influence the project, an  with capacity to influence the project, and compiled a chart showing this information. This chart showing this information. This chart proved invaluable in locating the project’s position within a large and complicated bureaucracy at the national, provincial. And county levels, and pinpointing which linkages and personnel were to be pursued to tackle each problem. As one field manager expressed it, without an understanding of the network, a  lot of time could be of the network, a lot of time could be wasted dealing with the wrong officials.

4.  The operator politely but firmly resisted attempts made at the establishment stage by the Chinese partner to override the contract and take over control of operations.

        Specific examples of attempts made were:

  •   Coersion to sign operational procedure documents which effectively handed over control;
  •   Designation of local officials to set out and enforce production targets;
  •  Use of Chinese language business cards and publications indicating Chinese control..

The standard contract text gives the operator reasonable rights, and it simply requires resilience to not relinquish any aspect of those rights. There were occasions when intercession from the partner’s superiors was sought out to defend those rights.

5. The operator took a pragmatic view of assurances that local power, fuel, transport, sites, buildings, food, and peripheral services such as heath would be provided at the right standards and on time. In some cases the local inputs were excellent, in other cases unacceptable, requiring alternative planning.

6. Foreign staff were screened for temperament, on the proven axiom that patience and tolerance are prerequisites for working in China. Staff and spouses were well briefed before setting in, and went through basic language training.

by John Coulter, China Trade Report, February, 1983 

Original as published can be viewed below at 2009-9-23

   THE joint venture between Geosource of the United States, a seismic oil exploration company, and the Chinese oil industry has ended its first year of operation with both sides much the wiser. The three-year project is designed to introduce modern seismic techniques in the Qaidam Basin of northwest China.

oilwell

   In view of China’s urgent need for oil to fulfill development goal, and the proven record of the US-based multinational, both partners had high hopes of success. The Chinese side hoped for about 10,000kms of geophysical across-section maps of possible oilfields, plus a massive transfer of operating, maintenance and repair technology, while Geosource anticipated close to a third profit on this investment and an edge have been serious shortfalls on all counts.

  As was later revealed, the QPC was not unanimously convinced of a need for much of the imported equipment nor the foreign specialists. The QPC seismic exploration unit, hoping to avoid “contamination” from the foreigners, set up a special group in a distant town to handle them.

  The QPC seismic exploration unit has four field crews, each of several hundred workers, using mainly domestically manufactured equipment (though the vital field electronics are made by a Geosource subsidiary).These local crews each log an average 20-50 kms a month except during winter when they close down.

  Geosource undertook to provide three field crews, each consisting of about nine foreign experts and several-million US dollars-worth of high-technology equipment and machinery to be matched with about 100 local workers. Each crew guarantees to produce more than 100 kms a month, with provisions for adjustments for abnormalities such as bad weather and strikes.

  The targets are generally being met, but with excessive depreciation of equipment and a parallel impact on the morale and health of project staff.

  Soon after 40 foreign technicians, mechanics and administrators assembled in Lenghu, west Qinghai, with their US$12 million-worth of vehicles, instruments and equipment, problems became apparent.

  Helicopter service was one of the earliest problems. After being told years ago by Geosource that helicopter support would be needed to explore the oil-rich Huatugou sedimentary range, the Chinese insisted on buying and operating their own aircraft.

  When the time came to put the field crew to work, the CAAC pilots and service personnel turned out to be completely outside the control of foreign and Chinese crew managers. They disobeyed reasonable instructions, took hours meals and on one occasion left Geosource and QPC personnel in the mountains overnight in below-freezing conditions because the pilot flew to a nearby town without permission.

  The Chinese Government lost several monthly US$250.000 free payments because of the helicopter snafu. Fortunately for the project, in October last year, after standing by for several months, the helicopter unit returned with a new leader and a new attitude – and has worked well since.

  Problems also arose as a result of false images the two sides have of one another. The Chinese expected a foreign expert to be a man of propriety consonant with his formal qualifications. They were not prepared to deal with a western seismic oilman and his penchant for nose-thumbing at bureaucracy and officials.

  The foreigners were equally ill-prepared for dealing with the Chinese. From the “rednecks” to the managerial types, they all expected labour on relations to be excellent, based on their experience with industrious Overseas Chinese and their image of the communist system as disciplined and honest.

  In fact much of the labour on the project was unskilled and unwilling. Qinghai desert workers seem to be rejects from other places, and possibly the worst of these were assigned to work with the “foreign devils.”

  In a typical labour incident, a young and inexperienced but over-confident Chinese driver might climb into a new, expensive and complex drill vehicle and start doing something obviously wrong – say, bog it in sand then over-rev it and crash the gears.

  Theoretically, the leaders on both sides have now agreed, the Geosource mechanical supervisor should call on an interpreter to instruct the driver to operate the vehicle correctly. In practice, interpreters are often unavailable. What is likely of occur is a shouting and key-snatching match, and at worst, some manhandling, followed by a shutdown, reports and “criticism.”

  The Geosource man, with his professional provide, with explain his side – “when I hear that noise, I know something is going to give within seconds – last month 11 differentials on this kind of vehicle were damaged because of ignorant abuse.” The Chinese boss, defending his driver, is likely to reply: “But the foreigner swore at him.  In China after Liberation, workers are masters of their own destiny!”

  As yet there is no bonus system, nor any way to promote or fire workers. Labourers in the field receive about RMB 160 a month. This seems high compared with east coast wages, but in fact it is the same as salary received by colleagues working in the parent unit not involved with foreigners who work eight hours a day rather than 10, six days a week rather than seven, and rest for most of the winter months.

Workers sent to work with Geosource are further from home, in rougher terrain and have a higher productivity. Team and crew leaders get the same as workers so there is little enthusiasm for responsibility.

One progressive-minded QPC area manager agreed to a wage system structured on responsibility and productivity. Workers heard of the system and became excited. Two deadlines for starting the new system passed by. Finally the director of QPC, who is politically important enough to have attended the 12th party congress, came to the field and denounced the scheme as anti-socialist. Relations with the workers after that worsened.

Geosource agreed to underwrite the resupply of spare parts which resulted in enormous costs, especially last winter when workers may have sabotaged equipment in order to stay indoors. Houston headquarters responded by sending in tougher managers to meet the Chinese head-on.

The new rationale behind day-to-day operations is that there is no point in worrying about the next contract if money cannot be made on this one.

In retrospect there was no easy way to find out the major problems without putting men and machines on the ground and getting fingers burnt. There are many clauses and operating procedures Geosource would now like to see in the contracts but they just did not occur to anyone until incidents actually occurred, ranging from a knifing and a handgun confrontation, to strikes, theft of foreigners’ belongings, equipment abuse, reckless use of dynamite, detonators and helicopters and drunkenness on the job.

Ironically, the hardnosed Texas oilmen and their rednecks were taken in. Said one, with his jaw set and lips tightened: “If we get another shot at a contract, we’ll be ready for ’em.”

 

Until recently, the author worked as crew manager for Geosource’s Qinghai Project.

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本文由壮歌德发表于《世界环境》2009年第一期

PoliticalClimateChange1

预测政治变革的难度远高于对气候变化的预测。一年前,谁将认为美国能源部部长将是诺贝尔物理学奖的得主——一位微生物学家和可更新能源的大力倡导者。直到一个月前,这个多才多艺的白宫首席科学家在华盛顿似乎一直都是被置若罔闻,不被关注。此时,美国即将为12月在哥本哈根举行的缔约国会议带来全新的科学的对《京都议定书》的政治授权,这将推动多数国家已经同意的《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UN Framework Convention on Climate Change)的合法化进程。这一举措的回报将是对能源效率,清洁发展,教育责任等多方面经济进程的推动。

令人难以置信的是,这种变化的推动力——什么扭转了局面——是已经发生的金融危机。事后觉悟——谁将在6个月前预见到金融危机——金融危机是一场市场盘整,告诉我们什么是重新回到现实所需要的。

布什是一个主张自由市场经济的囚徒。但对于自由市场经济有一点需要反思。这个理论是由亚当斯密在1776年完成的《国富论》(The Wealth of Nations)中提出的,阐述了利己主义在社会经济发展中的影响。屠夫和面包师工作的目的是为了他们自己的利益,这并没有政府的规划,市场便自动生产符合消费者需求的产品。精彩吗!正确吗!这是布什理解的自由市场经济。

但是,对亚当斯密自由市场经济的理解有必要考虑到其提出的背景。亚当斯密在他对经济学的贡献之前,就已经因其著作《道德情操论》(The Theory of Moral Sentiments)而众所周知。事实上,道德情操论是其经济理论的先驱。首先,它只是一种理论。其次,假定道德。第三,它假定情感。难道亚当斯密可以接受只是让他人的500亿美元凭空消失的伯纳德·马多夫(Bernie Madoff)?史密斯是一个假定道德的苏格兰绅士。在《道德情操论》中他假设他的理论的堕落者将离开监狱,很少知道那晚了两个世纪的那些将篡夺他的宗教信条的自身权益。

从理论上说,最初,这笔钱被期望作为商品和服务使用以方便易货贸易。但是,纵观历史,尤其是21世纪,它不仅本末倒置,而且已经被建造成隐藏其真正经济价值的拥有数十亿美元金字塔的海市蜃楼,然当这不可避免的终将消失。

奥巴马已经将科学精神和科学的重要性带回到了最能影响世界的经济体制管理中,美国在过去已经催生出许多杰出的科学家,但却不让他们参与政治。第一张地球的照片是在阿波罗飞船准备登月前拍摄的,它促使肯尼斯.鲍尔丁在宇宙飞船上写下一篇诗歌散文,感谢这里没有60亿人的指挥,而是在这的人已经意识到什么资源可被利用,之后又应丢弃在何处。从太空俯瞰地球,我们已经做的的确还是非常有限的。

奥巴马并不知道他已陷入何种局面,但是有一个每个化学家都知道的却被政治家,经济学家,金融专家每天宣传反对的事实。事实的真相就存在于守恒定律之中。在全球范围内,增长是不存在的。英格兰在财富,钻石,黄金,金属方面的增长是以殖民地的牺牲为代价的。此外,在任何工业生产的进程中,化学所定义的产出包括经济学家所谓的浪费。这种化学家的视角被经济学家和政治家所忽视。他们鼓吹生产进程的“零排放”,这是不可能的,还有则广告确实向一辆排出废气的汽车索赔来提高空气质量。如今,全球累计有数以十亿吨的排放物­——有害气体和被排放到河流及土壤中的工业废弃物。我们正在伤害我们共同的家园——这是200个国家和民族需要共同面对和解的问题。

英语中有一个德文词汇, weltansauung 。它是用来解释人们所理解的东西——人们的观点。字面含义是“世界观”。最糟糕的一类人是认为他们的财富同样是他们的权力,他们的世界应该拥有一所大房子,一辆双排的汽车和大量的玩具。在早期的历史中,weltansauung意味着一个人所看到和所经历的“世界”,而一个狭隘的世界观可能只代表一个社区的观点。经过鲍尔丁的散文,现在我们必须培养地球上的居民有一个整体的世界观,地球就是一个整体——让脆弱的宇宙飞船飞行在真空中,沐浴在阳光下。

于12月7日在哥本哈根举办的缔约方会议由美国新兴推动力占主导地位。经过长时间的忽视后,他们将在全球变暖问题上走在前面。制止肆无忌惮的消费被提上议程——我们不需要沙漠中的喷泉——拉斯维加斯。但是,再好的消息仍有待技术的探索和开发来帮助我们过上没有年燃烧180亿吨矿物燃料的体面生活。

具有讽刺意味的是,白宫科学家荷登(Holdren)刚刚与清华大学签署了一份为期三年的合同。我们不能指望现在经常见到他,但是在他的视野中肯定将中国看作美国京都议定书谈判的后续。荷登(Holdren)已经明白,最近的一次在华盛顿的演讲中,他总结到:

“没有能源,就没有经济。没有气候,就不存在环境。没有经济和环境事实上也就没有物质福利,没有民主社会,更没有个人,国家或整个国际安全。问题是一直以来我们得到经济所需的能源的方式正在摧毁我们赖以生存的环境气候.这是问题的根本。

 

 文/壮歌德 (John Coulter)发表于《世界环境》2008年第一期

 中国正在开辟一条理解和调整经济发展的新道路。新一代的科学家汲取了世界各国的发展经验,避免了错误策略,更明智地应用现代科学的精华来整体解决环境和经济问题。中国1979年以来取得的成就在很大程度上来说是一种奇迹,在世界历史上前所未有,中国创记录般的发展赋予其自身以权利和需要,对什么是发展和该如何发展给以崭新的视角。中国《国民经济和社会发展“十一五”规划》记录了全国人民代表大会中央委员会提议采纳科学发展观的战略思想。

发展和力争提高生产的观念,只不过是250年前欧洲工业革命的产物。关注GDP则来源于美国20世纪30年代国家收入调查的试行。这种思路令人兴奋之处在于,它可以监督微观经济个体和企业的收入,并把它们加入到宏观经济情景之中。货币收入等价于生产的产品和服务,从而一国“生产总值”的数额成为衡量财富和福利的简易指标。没有人会拒绝收入增长的吸引。

发展是欧洲工业革命开辟的道路,这条路上,有先进的技术、不断萌芽的科学和信息知识,还有适当的经济解释和分析。这条道路基本是线性上升的趋势,一旦发展道路被科学总结出来,追求发展的国家就会开始相互竞争,争相希望能照搬或超越经济合作与发展组织(OECD)国家的道路。这方面已有著名的成功案例,但是它们在规模和人口密度上,都无法和中国相比。

两个世纪前,经济学的基础被抛弃,当时人们科学地发明了蒸汽机并解释了倒U型抛物线的前半段,即使到了今天,现代经济学界似乎都无法很好地解释这些,有时候也就成了晚间新闻中政客们所津津乐道的话题。但是科学发展至今,的确产生了许多新思想,如原子、能源和热力学定律等。但在这约200年的经济发展中,甚至在曾经是经济辉煌的英国工业城市,所涉及的范围如此有限,以至于当时最具影响力的经济学家这样写道:所有资源都是自然馈赠的礼物,取之不尽、用之不竭。英国所发现的,以及其他OECD国家所照搬的,都是这样一个理念:自然资源的供给链——自然的礼物——可以在全球延伸。从原料到市场销售的精细产品,倘若过程中产生废物,那也是无意的——如损害,或者是偶然的——这又被经济学家们定义为“外部性”。随着生产过程逐渐“污化”,将污染型工业出口就成为理性经济学。

《增长的极限》和《寂静的春天》的出版,使环境问题在20世纪60年代受到关注。老鹰乐队的歌曲“最后的家园”,其歌词追溯了从旧世界、美国东海岸到西海岸,之后开发夏威夷群岛最后一片净土的发展历程,歌词在最后唱道,“我们一定要坚守这片净土,因为再也没有新的疆域。”

西进开发真正结束于亚洲,中国自1980年以来从中获益匪浅。但是31年前老鹰乐队歌词敲响了警钟:再也没有新的疆域。这并不是指地理疆域,而是技术创新和科学新境界。最为贴切的说法是,科学成就必须融入经济发展的崭新概念之中。

物料平衡是指系统输入输出相平衡,它是以热力学第一定律为条件,即物质和能量不能被创造也不能被毁灭,只会从一种形式转化为另一种形式。一吨煤燃烧释放出热能,而热能可以转化为电能。物质平衡探索煤的去向,煤和空气中的氧燃烧,产生1600千克的二氧化碳。中国2006年燃烧了20亿吨的煤。物质平衡理论告诉我们这并不是所谓的偶然“外部性”。

作为反馈,传统经济学勉强提出每吨7美元的碳交易价格,但这还不足以解决中国当前正在发生的事情。其实物质平衡理论并不神秘,它是由克尼斯(Allen Kneese)所开创的环境监督方法。倘若废物并不是随处可见,并没有像现在这样广泛地散落在地球上,那么,物质平衡就出现得不合时机,发达经济可以置之不理。事实上,物质平衡的理论是正确的,是显而易见的真理。

然而,这仅仅是中国科学评估发展的第一步。热力学第二定律表述为,无论何种转化,要是考虑周围情况(如环境),转化结果使能量削减,也就是物理中提到的无序、混乱和高熵。清华大学环境科学和工程系石磊教授和他的研究生参观了农村地区的铁高炉。农村地区铁高炉每年为国家产铁3.5亿吨。产出的经济价值让企业受益,但是,同时也产生了大量有害的热气、蒸汽和固体物,它们对远近社区产生了不可避免的影响,现在已延伸到中国内部地区,以及朝鲜半岛、日本甚至美洲。能量流的轨迹,以及其他更具体的形式如火用(??)和熵,都指向了效率,形成了循环经济的原则——减量化、再利用和再循环。

北京师范大学化学院的方德彩教授运用了创新的物质成分分析方法,设计出合适形状和功能的分子来实现人体组织细胞的对接和修复。这种方法同时也可用于工程建设,它可以用来设计拥有独特性质的物质分子。这种方法是由多伦多麦克马斯特大学的Richard Bader教授发明的,方教授正是师从贝得(Bader)教授门下。2007年,他的最新发现是,运用现代计算机的速度可以赋予该方法将分子间图像放大或缩小的潜力,比如冶炼成铁的铁矿石分子,那么从宏观角度看,即从地区、国家和全球的角度来看高炉中的铁矿石分子,它就是生产中的污染。这种铁矿石分子的三维轮廓图(2个铁原子与3个氧原子相互重叠)说明了如何才能有效地破坏分子间力来获得纯铁并释放氧气。与延续了几千年的古老炼铁方法(即盲目地将铁矿石加热到1600度的过程中,氧与碳结合释放出二氧化碳)相比,运用这种观点进行低温冶炼也是可行的。作为一种模拟,这种极小的科学力量无需动用太多力量就能直接产生同样的效果。Tim Sylow,主管澳大利亚必和必拓集团(世界最大矿业集团之一)的全球铁矿石营销,并且具有高炉工程和热动力学背景的专家,在清华大学的一次革新研究会议上宣称,这一技术将是工业史上的圣杯。

这些概念将科学的严密性带入了环境正负外部性的定价当中。物质平衡能计算出精确数量的同时,熵分析和现代化学可以计算出损害的严重程度,它们不是为了处罚污染行为而猜测罚金,或者随意指定一个废物交易的价格。客观结果类似于司机酒精测试,而不是猜测、掩藏和直接的否定。

回顾欧洲工业革命以来250年的经济发展历程以及相关的经济学解释,所得到的绝对结论是微观经济对宏观经济并没有帮助。也就是说对于个人或公司而言,有利可图的并不是最适合整个国家或全球经济。就像一门手艺,能一边在自家院内刺激产品生产,一边却在别人的后院堆放垃圾。全面发展的要求目前已经进入中国共产党党章修正草案之中。随着全过程核算,熵分析以及分子图谱定位的新一轮科学思潮的出现,将可以从微观原子水平直到全球环境层次来看工业的进展,而且进展会越来越多。具有讽刺意义的是,从现代科学的角度,我们认为中国已经处于理想状态很长时间——就是人类活动与自然和谐相处的状态。

 

 

熵——从工程学到经济学

熵是科学中的重要概念,它区分了自发(自然)活动与人为活动或引发的活动。某些活动似乎否定了这条规则,但是科学可以解释,部分环境中发生逆熵是可能的,但是作为整体是不可能发生的。

image001这张图来自Atkins的经典教科书《化学原理》,该图表明,在屏幕背后,工程方法如何解决看似否定熵规则的自发活动。

其在经济学中应用广泛。比如,雨是天然的,但是灌溉需要工程,这通常被认可而且工程确实耗费了成本。然而,随着发展压力的增大,企业和国家强调产品的生产,从而倾向于隐藏背后的成本。在极端例子中,拉斯维加斯壮观的喷泉,或者号称“零排放”的汽车都只是在部分的状况下成立,因为作为整体,科学表明净熵必然不可避免地增加。有些事情发生在视野之外。电就是一个鲜明的例子,它为城市提供照明和运作,提供了房间中的空调。但是远在城市之外,产生电能的电站所产生的熵,比转化于电梯运行及其它城市运行活动的熵要多。熵是一个科学可测量的实体,而数学从不说谎。

简历

壮歌德博士(Dr.John Coulter),早年获澳大利亚Griffith大学亚洲经济发展学士学位、澳大利亚国立大学数量经济学硕士学位,1991年获Griffith大学经济发展博士学位,专攻中国经济与环境问题,是国际生态经济学会创始人之一。

本文由壮歌德发表于《世界环境》2010年第五期

经济学需要反思。查阅这串记录:发生在美国海岸的BP石油泄漏将增加400亿美元的GDP,这意味着需要进行某些经济核算工作。中国各省老是夸大增长量,来证明他们善于理财,应得到国家更多的资助。2008年8月华尔街上的大银行倒闭,受其牵连的金融界奇才们提议约8000亿美元的激励计划,而从未给出提出这个数目的理由。这其实是种变戏法,因为它既非诺克斯城堡的黄金国库储备的财力,也非今后征税所能支持的政策。大部分的激励计划资金甚至都不是印刷出来的纸币,只是电脑设备的嘟嘟声,是传送到各州基础设施基金和给破产了的汽车大亨的电子指令。迫在眉睫的浩劫被隐瞒了起来,最新的就是欧元主权债务危机,由于一些无中生有的新贷款而再次被推迟。我们记录美元数据的方式需要反思。

经济领袖,比如老僧人们,正在高谈阔论“恢复”,还否认双下降的可能性,这只是他们对更为持久的第二次经济崩溃的恐惧的最滥的婉辞。如果我们能不断地尝试外推当前生活方式和基于现有化石燃料技术的所谓的增长,那么,这将不仅仅是下降,增长将绝对不可持续。我们的世界经济将成为一片荒地,就像电影《疯狂的麦克斯》(Mad Max)中所描述的那样。我很愿意成为一名乐观主义者,并渴望整个中国、以及印度和非洲都成就深圳奇迹。这种新技术和金融魔术可以遍及世界的原料天堂。但是,一旦我们考虑到全球,我们的世界就必然有一个终结。人类,就像在一颗大球上的蚂蚁,操控着这个星球表面一层薄薄的土地、水和空气。虽然我们渺小、世界看起来庞大,我们可以在新世界和殖民地进行掠夺,且经济学家相信资源措措有余,可是,现在是时候承认现实了。很明显的是,我们正在以显著规模毁坏着我们的栖息地。在一个篮球大小的地球仪上,我们的世界,就是下至12km深,上至12km高,约是半毫米厚的空间,这个空间脆弱而物质有限。现有技术对碳、水和能源的自然循环造成了压力,渐进的变化可能会使之翻覆而造成灾祸。目前极端的洪水和干旱、气温,是一个迫在眉睫的事端的前兆。我们正向水中投毒,污染着空气,已经到了接收和反射的太阳光线双向受阻的程度,这显著地影响着我们的气候。心中摒除了科学的布莱思傻瓜(Blasé fools)可以比作被困在电梯中愚昧自私的人,他们抽着烟,暴饮成箱的啤酒。我们的生活不得不伴随着各种排放物。

寻觅经济过程的非货币量度

我们需要把握的惊人真相是,钱不会解决我们当前和今后的困境。过去以美元计量方法推算增长数据并不够。自然不会仅仅因为我们宣布了政客们的财务顾问根据想象编造出来的新激励套件而解救我们。在过去的三十年,中国发现了西方逐步演变而来的发展模式是基于一个假设,即污染行业在欠发达地区受欢迎,而其他地方可随时满足其资源需求。到时,当轮到中国遵循这种发展模式时,地球可开采之地所剩无几,也没有人视污染为一种外部性。

纸币是一种绝妙的发明,方便携带,可以交换实物和服务,可以贮存甚至借贷,还可以让我们计算财富,彰显福利状况,尽管后者的联系微妙。比起一群牛、一幢公寓楼或成堆的金锭,纸币更容易被盗窃和伪造。过去十年,伪造账目和电子市场促使公然犯罪以指数级增长。伯纳德·麦道夫(Bernie Madoff)从熟人手里骗取了上百亿美元,并从股息中取20%付给新一波贪婪却轻信的不可思议“投资者”,直到盗窃总额达到500亿美元。

因为这样,全球金融危机分为两组观点,一组是金融家/经济学家只是高谈阔论数以百万计的美元的增加,另一组为真实经济辩护着。第一组告诉奥巴马需要更多赌资才能走出困境,要不然就飞到上海去做“顾问”,就像跳蚤从一个尸体离开来到下一个尸体。

测度真实经济

人们所寻觅的用来衡量真实经济的度量并不是美元。一种笨拙的办法是使用重量。中国粮食出口以数亿吨计——大米,小麦和玉米,其中土豆占25%,以均衡了热量值。2009年总计达53082万吨。英格兰银行曾经在英镑纸币上印上了用纸币可以在柜台兑换相应盎司黄金的承诺。全球金本位来了又走了——那时,财富是用金锭来衡量的。然而,在中东石油利益集团能以美国国库担保的一盎司73美元的价格买进几船的金锭时,这就证明了金本位的不堪一击。金本位下的石油危机在美国爆发,导致现实主义者尝试使用能源的某种形式来测度经济状况。目前,已经有以公吨石油当量(toe)、公吨煤当量(toc)、焦耳、卡路里和英国热量单位(BTU)为衡量单位的核算。这事实上仍然是在能源密集行业测度能源效率的工作。例如,要生产1吨的锌锭,需要投入1.9吨的精炼锌和使用189.7亿焦耳的能量。这对精炼厂管理员而言是有效甚至是至关重要的信息,但对经济学家和政策顾问却毫无意义。会计拿着这些数据,它们本该能反映成账簿中的美元,只要看起来没问题就放过。不屑一顾!

崭新的方法

目前,中国科学家团队已经掌握了一种崭新的方法。该方法基于能源分析和物质流分析,但使用了基于实用主义基础概念的普适性核算新单位,该单位客观而且科学。首先,让我们明白中国人是被迫走进这项研究的。他们面临令人失望的市场,拥有实用唯物主义的传统。David Bonovia曾经写道,当中国人看见天上的馅饼,他们想要明白如何把饼弄到地上再吃掉。清华大学环境科学与工程系的石磊教授带领其团队进行物质流分析、资源跟踪研究,跟踪的资源包括水、空气这样充足的资源,也包括经济学家称之为“物品”(goods)而科学家认为也是“垃圾”(bads)却需要购买的东西。事实上,从热力学第二定律,我们能够保证,将商品和垃圾求和的总额,比之前开始的状况恶劣。只有在垃圾可以处理(比如,忽略或清扫地毯下的垃圾,或倾倒在邻居后院),我们才能将物品称之为好物品。就像中国人民大学环境学院院长马中教授所强烈推崇的那样,物质确实守恒。投入的每一个原子都可以用输出的原子来记录。化作轻烟通常指消失了,但是,CO2并没有消失。在这个过程中,两个氧原子(好的)与一个碳原子结合形成了排放物(坏的)。

这有一个重要又有趣的故事。在20世纪50年代的东欧,斯洛文尼亚人Goran Rant被工业污染物呛到了,于是,他写了一篇文章,并指出能源核算隐藏了没被揭示的东西,之后提出了一个区别无用能(熵-坏东西)和有用能(好东西)的新概念,他所提出的术语称为(火用)。波兰科学家Jan Szargut,想出了一个概念并发表了上百篇热力学工程学的文章,论述发动机、热水器和冰箱的能效。他以波兰文发表的,甚至当他晚年访问美国以英文发表时,许多信息因翻译、复杂的概念而流失了,信息流失还因为文章展现了传统发展的反面。

那时候,中国与东欧交好,欣然接受了这个新概念。这是一个有益、绝妙的观点。2007年,西方发展模式已遭遇碰壁,中国将具有开创意义的科学发展观写进了党章。这是对西方模式的明确否决。这个词出自中国城市的智囊团:研究和设计新技术——太阳、水藻、风和潮汐。除了新潮的实用技术之外,评估成本的新方法是必须的。而美元不起作用。Szargut用他的异国语言提出了一种新范式:不仅燃料能用焦/千克来衡量,而且,将一种天然物品转换成一种商品的过程中能计算资源每千克消耗的能量(焦耳)。铁矿石只是一种红色泥土,澳大利亚和巴西有成百上千英亩。授予了或者取得了行政执照后,基本可以免费取走。理论上,从1.4kg铁矿石中提取出1kg的铁所消耗的能源成本是670万焦。这就是生产1kg铁的能源消耗成本。普通的汽车,由上百千克的铁组成,还有铜、铝、玻璃和塑料。我们还包括了设计所消耗的体力劳动和人力付出。这是估计生产汽车能量成本的有难度却可行的做法。因此,我们或者说汽车成本是1000亿焦耳或19000美元。在一个正常运作的市场中,美元价值更合适。

在一个机能失调的市场中,零的数目反复无常,那么,做一项能源消耗核算将呈现一些现实情况和方向。现在中国,北京大学陈国谦教授以及北京师范大学陈彬教授双双带领其团队,致力于企业、地区、国家和全球的能源消耗核算的合作。与微观和宏观经济不同的是,这是可以加总的。它呈现了我们何时走在正确或错误的发展道路上。

讽刺而偶然的是,人与自然和谐在中国有着悠久的历史,千年前书吏的记载就展示了和谐的缩影。人与自然的合一高深莫测、不可思议。

盲目追求美元的GDP增长就是愚蠢地接受了400亿美元的BP石油泄漏。盲目追求消费以提高需求和增长就像是被困在电梯中的人,他们抽着烟,暴饮成箱的啤酒,而对之后的事毫无所知。燃料的能量消耗核算以及到2010年我们所造的汽车,所建设的建筑物、城市、国家,甚至地球的能量成本估算都让我们对我们的福利有了一种清醒评估。这就是经济范式转变,就是中国政策顾问们所正在做的事。

Just returned from Mongolia Ulaan Baatar on design team for new Combined Heating and Power Plant for the city of a million people.  Worked with Engineer Ma Shaojun 马绍君 who has hundreds of plant projects in his experience and was enlightening to see him in action.  My task is nominally as energy economist, but we start with looking at the joules of coal in and the joules per second (watts) of electricity and joules of heat (in kilocalories) out.  Hard to get sensible efficiencies, and if we dont succeed my Mongolian friends will be in the dark and feeling cold. 

With Engineer Ma Shaojun

With Engineer Ma Shaojun